Employee Stock Ownership Plans and Financing Constraints: Mediation Effect Analysis Based on Internal Control Quality
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摘要: 员工持股计划作为企业内部的一项集体激励政策,在优化企业产权配置的同时亦对企业融资能力产生重要影响。基于2011—2018年A股上市公司样本,探究员工持股计划对企业融资约束的影响及作用机制,研究发现,员工持股计划通过降低外部融资成本来缓解企业的融资约束状况,这种缓解作用对东部地区的企业以及民营企业更为显著;员工持股计划通过增强员工身份认同、缓解员工层面代理问题等途径来提升企业内部控制质量,内部控制质量在员工持股计划与融资约束作用之间起到部分中介作用;由于员工之间的“监督效应”及员工持股计划的“公告效应”,员工持股计划在提升内部控制质量方面不存在“搭便车”行为,在缓解融资约束方面存在“1/N”效应。本研究结论为新时期推进员工持股深化改革、提升本土企业内部竞争力提供了参考。Abstract: As a collective incentive policy within enterprises, ESOP not only optimizes the allocation of corporate property rights, but also has an important impact on the financing ability of enterprises. Based on the sample of A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2018, this paper explores the impact and mechanism of ESOP on corporate financing constraints. It is found that the ESOP alleviates the financing constraints of enterprises by reducing external financing costs, which is more significant for enterprises in eastern China and private enterprises; the employee stock ownership plan improves the quality of enterprise internal control by enhancing employee identity and alleviating agency problems at the employee level; the quality of internal control plays a partial intermediary role between the employee stock ownership plan and financing constraints; due to the "supervision effect" among employees and the "announcement effect" of ESOP, ESOP has no "free rider" behavior in improving the quality of internal control and "1/N" effect in easing financing constraints. The results of this study provide guidance for further reform of employee stock ownership plan and enhancing internal competitiveness in the new era.
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表 1 变量名称及定义
变量类型 变量名称 变量符号 变量定义 因变量 融资约束 FC SA指数 内部控制 ICQ ln(迪博内控指数+1) 自变量 员工持股 Esop 第i家公司第t年正在实施员工持股计划取1,否则取0 员工持股人数 Esop_p ln(1+当年员工持股人数) 控制变量 公司规模 Size ln(总资产) 资产负债率 Lev 负债/总资产 营业收入增长率 Growth (当年营业收入-上一年营业收入)/上一年营业收入 账面市值比 BM 企业账面价值/市值 净资产收益率 ROE 净利润/净资产 两职兼任 Dual 董事长与总经理为同一人取1,否则取0 独董比例 Inde 独立董事人数/董事成员人数 高管持股比例 Mhold 管理层持股数/企业总股数 第一大股东持股比例 Fhold 第一大股东持股数/企业总股数 董事会规模 Board 董事成员人数 产权性质 SOE 国有企业取1,否则取0 固定资产占比 PE 固定资产/总资产 企业年龄 Age 企业成立年限的自然对数 行业固定效应 Industry 根据证监会2012年行业分类设置虚拟变量 年份固定效益 Year 年度固定效应,为该年度时取1,否则取0 表 2 描述性统计
变量 样本量 平均值 标准差 最小值 中位数 最大值 FC 17 660 -3.150 0.105 -3.270 -3.183 -2.590 ICQ 17 660 6.290 1.099 0.000 6.501 6.910 Esop 17 660 0.094 0.291 0.000 0.000 1.000 Esop_p 17 660 0.430 1.489 0.000 0.000 9.695 Size 17 660 22.162 1.268 19.429 21.979 26.205 Lev 17 660 0.425 0.209 0.036 0.147 0.917 Growth 17 660 0.207 0.531 -0.537 0.117 5.540 BM 17 660 0.545 0.260 0.004 0.518 1.249 ROE 17 660 0.069 0.114 -0.877 0.071 0.431 Dual 17 660 0.264 0.441 0.000 0.000 1.000 Inde 17 660 0.374 0.536 0.333 0.333 0.600 Mhold 17 660 0.069 0.137 0.000 0.001 0.629 Fhold 17 660 0.347 0.148 0.081 0.328 0.764 Board 17 660 2.135 0.198 1.609 2.197 2.708 SOE 17 660 0.489 0.606 0.000 0.000 2.000 PE 17 660 0.216 0.163 0.002 0.182 0.734 Age 17 660 16.577 5.506 3.000 17.000 33.000 表 3 假设1与假设2的检验结果
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) FC 不含中介因子 中介因子检验 含中介因子 Esop -0.024 5*** -0.024 5*** 0.079 2*** -0.024 4*** (-0.002 68) (-0.002 68) (-0.028 6) (-0.002 68) ICQ -0.001 88*** (-0.000 706) size 0.031 4*** 0.031 4*** 0.031 0*** 0.031 5*** (-0.000 985) (-0.000 985) (-0.010 5) (-0.000 985) lev -0.019 3*** -0.019 3*** -0.629*** -0.020 5*** (-0.004 68) (-0.004 68) (-0.05) (-0.004 7) Growth -0.005 86*** -0.005 86*** -0.078 6*** -0.006 01*** (-0.001 44) (-0.001 44) (-0.015 3) (-0.001 44) BM -0.094 9*** -0.094 9*** 0.468*** -0.094 1*** (-0.004 77) (-0.004 77) (-0.050 9) (-0.004 79) ROE -0.061 7*** -0.061 7*** 2.482*** -0.057 1*** (-0.007 21) (-0.007 21) (-0.076 9) (-0.007 42) Dual 0.004 96** 0.004 96** 0.014 8 0.004 99*** (-0.001 93) (-0.001 93) (-0.020 5) (-0.001 93) Inde 0.153*** 0.153*** 0.244 0.154*** (-0.016 6) (-0.016 6) (-0.177) (-0.016 6) Mhold 0.033 3*** 0.033 3*** 0.242*** 0.033 8*** (-0.006 61) (-0.006 61) (-0.070 6) (-0.006 61) Fhold 0.000 102* 0.000 102* 0.001 28** 0.000 105** (-0.000 053 1) (-0.000 053 1) (-0.000 566) (-0.000 053 1) Board 0.001 68 0.001 68 0.085 6* 0.001 84 (-0.004 75) (-0.004 75) (-0.050 7) (-0.004 75) SOE 0.003 04** 0.003 04** -0.021 4 0.003 00** (-0.001 38) (-0.001 38) (-0.014 8) (-0.001 38) PE 0.037 2*** 0.037 2*** -0.301*** 0.036 7*** (-0.005 55) (-0.005 55) (-0.059 2) (-0.005 55) Age -0.003 69*** -0.003 69*** -0.007 83*** -0.003 70*** (-0.000 157) (-0.000 157) (-0.001 67) (-0.000 157) Constant -3.793*** -3.793*** 5.077*** -3.783*** (-0.022) (-0.022) (-0.235) (-0.022 3) 年份固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes 行业固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 17 660 17 660 17 660 17 660 R-squared 0.141 0.141 0.1 0.141 Sobel Z -1.919* Sobel Z的P值 0.054 注:括号内为t值,***、**、*分别表示1%、5%、10%的显著性水平。下表同。 表 4 PSM回归及更换融资约束指标的回归结果
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 不含中介因子 中介因子检验 含中介因子 不含中介因子 中介因子检验 含中介因子 Esop -0.022 2*** 0.087 7*** -0.022 1*** -0.002 3** 0.056 5** -0.002 2* (-0.002 79) (-0.028 1) (-0.002 79) (-0.001 21) (-0.024 7) (-0.001 2) ICQ -0.002 06** -0.004 17*** (-0.000 955) (-0.000 242) size 0.028 8*** 0.022 9* 0.028 8*** -0.049 5*** 0.058 1*** -0.049 3*** (-0.001 24) (-0.012 5) (-0.001 24) (-0.000 257) (-0.009 19) (-0.000 255) lev -0.018 1*** -0.492*** -0.019 1*** 0.047 1*** -0.421*** 0.045 2*** (-0.005 89) (-0.059 3) (-0.005 91) (-0.001 39) (-0.044 3) (-0.001 38) Growth -0.002 52 -0.091 6*** -0.002 71 -0.028 1*** -0.077 4*** -0.028 5*** (-0.001 75) (-0.017 6) (-0.001 75) (-0.000 402) (-0.013 3) (-0.000 398) BM -0.086 5*** 0.414*** -0.085 6*** -0.006 39*** 0.115** -0.005 84*** (-0.006 03) (-0.060 7) (-0.006 04) (-0.001 19) (-0.046) (-0.001 18) ROE -0.066 0*** 2.284*** -0.061 3*** -0.097 3*** 0.882*** -0.093 0*** (-0.009 63) (-0.097) (-0.009 88) (-0.002 64) (-0.085 4) (-0.002 63) Dual 0.003 52 -0.004 95 0.003 51 0.001 07* 0.000 476 0.001 06* (-0.002 28) (-0.022 9) (-0.002 28) (-0.000 568) (-0.017 9) (-0.000 562) Inde 0.149*** 0.261 0.149*** 0.013 6*** 0.167 0.014 8*** (-0.020 9) (-0.211) (-0.020 9) (-0.004 8) (-0.155) (-0.004 75) Mhold 0.035 7*** 0.283*** 0.036 2*** -0.017 3*** 0.216*** -0.016 7*** (-0.007 65) (-0.077 1) (-0.007 66) (-0.001 98) (-0.060 8) (-0.001 96) Fhold 0.000 085 7 0.001 80*** 0.000 089 4 -0.000 131*** 0.001 33*** -0.000 12*** (-0.000 067 2) (-0.000 676) (-0.000 067 2) (-0.000 015 4) (-0.000 492) (-0.000 015 2) Board 0.000 046 7 0.111* 0.000 276 -0.004 17*** 0.061 9 -0.003 74*** (-0.006 25) (-0.063) (-0.006 25) (-0.001 37) (-0.044 3) (-0.001 36) SOE 0.007 18*** -0.010 4 0.007 16*** 0.001 05*** -0.02 0.000 935** (-0.001 71) (-0.017 2) (-0.001 71) (-0.000 405) (-0.012 9) (-0.000 401) PE 0.039 9*** -0.229*** 0.039 4*** -0.005 79*** -0.193*** -0.006 45*** (-0.007 19) (-0.072 4) (-0.007 19) (-0.001 6) (-0.052 1) (-0.001 59) Age -0.003 67*** -0.007 86*** -0.003 69*** 0.000 272*** -0.006 19*** 0.000 230*** (-0.000 191) (-0.001 92) (-0.000 191) (-0.000 042 7) (-0.001 45) (-0.000 042 4) Constant -3.746*** 5.036*** -3.736*** 0.083 4*** 4.850*** 0.105*** (-0.028 4) (-0.286) (-0.028 8) (-0.006 1) (-0.205) (-0.006 16) 年份固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 行业固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 10 850 10 850 10 850 15 130 16 858 15 130 R-squared 0.136 0.088 0.136 0.853 0.036 0.856 Sobel Z -1.77* -2.72*** Sobel Z的P值 0.075 0.007 表 5 加入股权激励控制变量的回归结果及安慰剂检验结果
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 不含中介因子 中介因子检验 含中介因子 不含中介因子 中介因子检验 含中介因子 Esop -0.023 8*** 0.077 3*** -0.023 7*** -0.013 2 -0.259** -0.013 7 (-0.002 68) (-0.028 6) (-0.002 68) (-0.011 6) (-0.124) (-0.011 6) ICQ -0.001 80** -0.002 03*** (-0.000 705) (-0.000 708) StockOpt -0.017 5*** 0.043 5* -0.017 5*** (-0.002 17) (-0.023 2) (-0.002 17) size 0.032 0*** 0.029 6*** 0.032 0*** 0.030 5*** 0.034 1*** 0.030 6*** (-0.000 986) (-0.010 5) (-0.000 986) (-0.000 982) (-0.010 5) (-0.000 982) lev -0.019 6*** -0.628*** -0.020 7*** -0.019 1*** -0.631*** -0.020 3*** (-0.004 68) (-0.05) (-0.004 7) (-0.004 69) (-0.05) (-0.004 71) Growth -0.005 89*** -0.078 5*** -0.006 03*** -0.005 91*** -0.078 6*** -0.006 07*** (-0.001 44) (-0.015 3) (-0.001 44) (-0.001 44) (-0.015 3) (-0.001 44) BM -0.096 6*** 0.472*** -0.095 7*** -0.092 7*** 0.462*** -0.091 7*** (-0.004 77) (-0.051) (-0.004 78) (-0.004 78) (-0.050 9) (-0.004 79) ROE -0.058 6*** 2.474*** -0.054 2*** -0.060 9*** 2.473*** -0.055 8*** (-0.007 21) (-0.077) (-0.007 41) (-0.007 23) (-0.076 9) (-0.007 44) Dual 0.004 86** 0.015 1 0.004 88** 0.004 78** 0.015 1 0.004 81** (-0.001 92) (-0.020 5) (-0.001 92) (-0.001 93) (-0.020 5) (-0.001 93) Inde 0.153*** 0.245 0.154*** 0.155*** 0.244 0.155*** (-0.016 6) (-0.177) (-0.016 6) (-0.016 6) (-0.177) (-0.016 6) Mhold 0.034 9*** 0.238*** 0.035 3*** 0.032 4*** 0.245*** 0.032 9*** (-0.006 6) (-0.070 6) (-0.006 61) (-0.006 63) (-0.070 6) (-0.006 63) Fhold 0.000 06 0.001 37** 0.000 06 0.000 127** 0.001 17** 0.000 129** (-0.000 05) (-0.000 569) (-0.000 053) (-0.000 053 2) (-0.000 566) (-0.000 053) Board 0.001 28 0.086 6* 0.001 44 0.003 16 0.080 5 0.003 32 (-0.004 74) (-0.050 7) (-0.004 74) (-0.004 76) (-0.050 6) (-0.004 76) SOE 0.002 03 -0.018 9 0.002 0.004 36*** -0.026 2* 0.004 30*** (-0.001 39) (-0.014 8) (-0.001 39) (-0.001 38) (-0.014 7) (-0.001 38) PE 0.035 4*** -0.296*** 0.034 9*** 0.038 8*** -0.308*** 0.038 2*** (-0.005 54) (-0.059 2) (-0.005 55) (-0.005 56) (-0.059 2) (-0.005 56) Age -0.003 80*** -0.007 56*** -0.003 81*** -0.003 65*** -0.007 93*** -0.003 66*** (-0.000 157) (-0.001 68) (-0.000 157) (-0.000 157) (-0.001 67) (-0.000 157) Constant -3.800*** 5.096*** -3.791*** -3.781*** 5.036*** -3.771*** (-0.022) (-0.235) (-0.022 3) (-0.022 1) (-0.235) (-0.022 3) 年份固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 行业固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 17 660 17 660 17 660 17 660 17 660 17 660 R-squared 0.144 0.1 0.144 0.137 0.1 0.137 Sobel Z -1.843* -1.582 Sobel Z的P值 0.065 0.114 表 6 “搭便车”效应、区域异质性、产权异质性检验结果
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ICQ FC 东部地区 中西部地区 国有企业 民营企业 Esop_p 0.014 7 -0.023 1*** (-0.024 9) (-0.002 33) Esop_p2 -0.001 61 0.003 49*** (-0.004 1) (-0.000 383) Esop -0.032 6*** 0.016 6 -0.009 23 -0.005 09** (-0.005 08) (-0.005 32) (-0.008 1) (-0.002 27) ICQ -0.001 9*** -0.002 37** -0.000 992 -0.001 5 -0.001 71** (-0.000 704) (-0.001 07) (-0.000 941) (-0.001 08) (-0.000 773) StockOpt 0.044 9* -0.017 4*** -0.017 9*** -0.016 4*** -0.007 31 -0.003 51* (-0.023 2) (-0.002 17) (-0.004 12) (-0.002 49) (-0.007 64) (-0.001 85) size 0.031 8*** 0.031 0*** 0.040 4*** 0.025 5*** 0.075 3*** -0.018 4*** (-0.010 6) (-0.000 988) (-0.001 62) (-0.001 23) (-0.001 51) (-0.001 1) lev -0.629*** -0.020 6*** -0.034 9*** -0.011 5** -0.026 9*** 0.026 5*** (-0.05) (-0.004 69) (-0.008 14) (-0.005 67) (-0.008 08) (-0.004 75) Growth -0.078 4*** -0.006 1*** -0.007 57*** -0.004 94*** -0.006 30** -0.005 70*** (-0.015 3) (-0.001 44) (-0.002 22) (-0.001 88) (-0.002 53) (-0.001 41) BM 0.466*** -0.093 4*** -0.102*** -0.091 4*** -0.148*** -0.059 9*** (-0.051) (-0.004 78) (-0.008) (-0.005 91) (-0.007 81) (-0.005 01) ROE 2.472*** -0.054 7*** -0.092 4*** -0.027 4*** -0.077 0*** -0.006 61 (-0.077) (-0.007 41) (-0.012 5) (-0.009 07) (-0.012 9) (-0.007 59) Dual 0.015 6 0.004 69** 0.003 26 0.005 19** -0.002 5 0.005 96*** (-0.020 5) (-0.001 92) (-0.003 53) (-0.002 24) (-0.004 23) (-0.001 74) Inde 0.241 0.155*** 0.205*** 0.103*** 0.079 9*** 0.026 5 (-0.177) (-0.016 6) (-0.027 4) (-0.020 7) (-0.026 3) (-0.017 9) Mhold 0.240*** 0.034 4*** 0.017 9 0.042 0*** -0.081 3 -0.005 55 (-0.070 6) (-0.006 6) (-0.013 1) (-0.007 44) (-0.083 6) (-0.005 35) Fhold 0.001 32** -0.000 6 -0.000 26*** 0.000 233*** -0.000 158* -0.000 009 03 (-0.000 569) (-0.000 05) (-0.000 092 4) (-0.000 064 4) (-0.000 092) (-0.000 056 6) Board 0.083 7* 0.001 61 -0.008 97 0.009 9 -0.026 3*** -0.006 43 (-0.050 7) (-0.004 74) (-0.007 61) (-0.006 05) (-0.007 45) (-0.005 13) SOE -0.021 0.002 38* -0.004 2 0.003 68** (-0.014 8) (-0.001 38) (-0.002 62) (-0.001 6) PE -0.299*** 0.034 1*** 0.058 1*** 0.022 9*** 0.060 9*** -0.001 21 (-0.059 3) (-0.005 54) (-0.009 13) (-0.007) (-0.008 22) (-0.006 42) Age -0.007 6*** -0.003 8*** -0.004 75*** -0.003 28*** -0.005 4*** -0.002 87*** (-0.001 68) (-0.000 157) (-0.000 287) (-0.000 184) (-0.000 304) (-0.000 15) Constant 5.065*** -3.770*** -3.916*** -3.695*** -4.557*** -2.677*** (-0.236) (-0.022 4) (-0.035 5) (-0.028 9) (-0.033 2) (-0.026 3) 年份固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 行业固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 17 660 17 660 6 877 10 783 6 561 10 053 R-squared 0.1 0.146 0.196 0.121 0.42 0.216 -
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