Can Financial Literacy Reduce the Household Debt Burden? Empirical Evidences from CHFS Data
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摘要: 基于2015年中国家庭金融调查数据, 以家庭自评偿债能力作为主观债务负担指标, 以家庭实际偿债所需期限与债务平均到期期限的差值作为客观债务负担指标, 实证考察了金融素养对家庭债务负担的影响以及作用机制。研究发现, 金融素养能够显著降低家庭主观债务负担和客观债务负担, 并对实际偿债所需期限有着显著的负向影响, 对债务平均到期期限有显著的正向影响。进一步分析发现, 金融素养可以通过增加家庭偿债资金、改善家庭借贷负债结构来降低家庭债务负担。本研究为理解金融素养与家庭债务负担的关系提供了新的证据, 有助于了解影响家庭债务负担的因素, 从而为防范金融风险提供了有益参考。Abstract: Based on China Household Financial Survey data in 2015, this paper takes the self-assessment solvency as the subjective debt burden indicator, and the difference between the actual debt repayment period and the average debt maturity period as the objective indicator to analyze the financial impact on household debt burden and the mechanism. It is found that financial literacy can significantly reduce both the household's subjective debt burden and the household's objective debt burden; the financial literacy has a significant negative impact on the actual debt repayment period and a significant positive impact on the average maturity of the debt. Further analysis indicates that financial literacy can reduce the household debt burden by increasing household debt repayment funds and improving household debt structure. This research provides new evidences for understanding the relationship between financial literacy and household debt burden, which helps to understand the factors affecting the household debt burden, and offers a useful reference for preventing financial risks.
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Key words:
- household debt /
- financial literacy /
- debt burden /
- household self-assessment solvency /
- financial knowledge /
- loan /
- repayment funds
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表 1 因子分析KMO检验及各变量的旋转因子载荷
变量 KMO 各变量在三因子中的旋转因子载荷 知识因子 计算因子 预期因子 是否关注经济金融信息 0.887 7 0.231 5 0.181 0 0.142 6 是否上过经济金融类课程 0.852 4 0.148 4 0.128 3 0.066 6 是否正确回答利率问题 0.763 8 0.173 9 0.646 4 0.029 2 利率问题回答不知道/算不出 0.733 2 0.269 3 0.868 1 0.196 7 是否正确回答通胀问题 0.767 4 0.072 1 0.179 0 0.476 7 通胀问题回答不知道/算不出 0.768 1 0.262 6 0.519 7 0.628 9 是否正确回答投资风险问题 0.628 4 0.934 6 0.156 3 0.070 9 投资风险问题不知道/算不出 0.639 6 0.935 8 0.193 4 0.091 6 整体 0.710 9 表 2 部分变量描述性统计
变量名称 符号 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值 观察值 金融素养 FL 0.001 0.601 -0.865 0.758 6 627 偿债资金占比 RDS 0.042 0.081 0 0.968 6 627 房产占比 RH 0.663 0.300 0 1 6 627 ln非生产经营收入 lnINC 9.776 2.751 0 15.25 6 627 性别 GEN 0.795 0.404 0 1 6 627 30~40岁 AGE1 0.187 0.390 0 1 6 627 40~50岁 AGE2 0.320 0.467 0 1 6 627 50岁以上 AGE3 0.424 0.494 0 1 6 627 高中或中专 HIGH 0.171 0.377 0 1 6 627 本科或大专 COL 0.153 0.360 0 1 6 627 研究生及以上 UG 0.010 0.101 0 1 6 627 风险爱好 RL 0.115 0.319 0 1 6 627 风险厌恶 RA 0.607 0.488 0 1 6 627 户主已婚 MAR 0.903 0.295 0 1 6 627 家庭成员健康状况 HEAL 0.701 1.109 0 8 6 627 家庭工作人数 WP 2.110 1.127 0 12 6 627 农村地区 RUR 0.411 0.492 0 1 6 627 表 3 家庭债务负担分布情况
Panel A:家庭总资产 SD SDS ODS TR AM 1(低) 0.480 3.123 1.035 4.377 3.342 2 0.374 2.713 -6.250 2.982 9.231 3 0.186 2.159 -9.869 3.028 12.90 4(高) 0.090 1.753 -12.38 2.094 14.47 Panel B:金融素养 SD SDS ODS TR AM 1(低) 0.453 2.896 -1.457 3.871 5.328 2 0.308 2.532 -6.447 3.816 10.26 3 0.196 2.215 -8.75 2.572 11.32 4(高) 0.138 2.004 -11.00 2.159 13.16 全样本 0.283 2.437 -6.859 3.092 9.980 样本量 6 627 6 627 2 637 2 637 2 637 注:由于债务到期期限数据缺失,客观债务负担指标、实际偿债所需期限和债务平均到期期限样本量为2 637,使用该样本按金融素养大小分组,其他指标用全样本按金融素养大小分组。 表 4 金融素养与主观债务负担
解释变量 主观债务负担水平 主观上有无债务负担 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) OLS OLS 2SLS Probit Probit Ivprobit FL -0.132*** -0.285* -0.088*** -0.078** (0.036) (0.161) (0.009) (0.038) RDS -1.407*** -1.352*** -1.289*** -0.402*** -0.351*** -0.345*** (0.239) (0.238) (0.237) (0.097) (0.092) (0.094) RH 0.198** 0.181** 0.163** 0.070*** 0.060*** 0.062*** (0.078) (0.078) (0.081) (0.019) (0.019) (0.020) lnINC -0.042*** -0.040*** -0.038*** -0.008*** -0.007*** -0.006*** (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) GEN -0.019 -0.022 -0.026 -0.011 -0.014 -0.018 (0.045) (0.045) (0.045) (0.014) (0.013) (0.013) AGE1 -0.047 -0.046 -0.045 -0.014 -0.012 -0.013 (0.061) (0.061) (0.062) (0.026) (0.026) (0.026) AGE2 0.098 0.092 0.085 0.046* 0.042* 0.040 (0.066) (0.066) (0.066) (0.025) (0.025) (0.025) AGE3 0.004 -0.018 -0.042 0.039 0.025 0.021 (0.064) (0.063) (0.068) (0.025) (0.025) (0.026) HIGH -0.226*** -0.193*** -0.155*** -0.083*** -0.059*** -0.052*** (0.047) (0.047) (0.060) (0.015) (0.015) (0.018) COL -0.517*** -0.466*** -0.407*** -0.217*** -0.177*** -0.163*** (0.046) (0.047) (0.076) (0.020) (0.020) (0.027) UG -0.615*** -0.562*** -0.501*** -0.229*** -0.188*** -0.163** (0.081) (0.082) (0.103) (0.068) (0.067) (0.070) RL 0.105 0.123* 0.144** -0.029 -0.013 -0.012 (0.065) (0.065) (0.069) (0.019) (0.019) (0.020) RA -0.040 -0.048 -0.057 -0.001 -0.006 -0.005 (0.040) (0.040) (0.040) (0.012) (0.012) (0.012) MAR -0.112* -0.102 -0.090 -0.034* -0.027 -0.024 (0.067) (0.067) (0.070) (0.018) (0.018) (0.018) HEAL 0.364*** 0.357*** 0.348*** 0.077*** 0.071*** 0.070*** (0.024) (0.024) (0.026) (0.005) (0.005) (0.006) WP -0.040** -0.042** -0.043** -0.033*** -0.033*** -0.034*** (0.019) (0.019) (0.019) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005) RUR 0.189*** 0.158*** 0.123* 0.039*** 0.019 -0.007 (0.051) (0.052) (0.067) (0.012) (0.012) (0.015) 省份哑变量 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 N 6627 6627 6627 6627 6627 6627 Pseudo R2/R2 0.174 0.176 0.140 0.150 DWH/Wald 1.32 19.44 P-value (0.25) (0.00) 第一阶段F值 134.83 83.37 工具变量t值 18.72 19.63 注:*、**、***、分别表示在10%、5%、1%水平显著,Probit、Ivprobit模型报告的是边际效应,括号内为小区(村庄)层面的聚类异方差稳健的标准差。下表同。 表 5 金融素养与客观债务负担
解释变量 客观债务负担水平 实际偿债所需期限 债务平均到期期限 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) OLS 2SLS OLS 2SLS OLS 2SLS FL -1.492*** -14.120*** -0.716* -2.576 0.772*** 11.566*** (0.486) (2.693) (0.411) (1.919) (0.284) (1.926) RDS -22.086*** -18.953*** -15.983*** -15.541*** 6.088*** 3.410* (3.781) (4.193) (3.583) (3.659) (1.563) (2.060) RH -3.845*** -5.122*** 2.721*** 2.535*** 6.552*** 7.644*** (0.851) (0.991) (0.706) (0.710) (0.525) (0.678) lnINC -0.738*** -0.617*** -0.464*** -0.446*** 0.275*** 0.171*** (0.124) (0.128) (0.113) (0.114) (0.043) (0.061) GEN 0.184 -0.068 -0.449 -0.487 -0.639* -0.423 (0.452) (0.505) (0.361) (0.361) (0.343) (0.404) AGE1 1.377** 1.690** 0.224 0.269 -1.162** -1.430** (0.597) (0.721) (0.409) (0.417) (0.507) (0.599) AGE2 2.572*** 2.369*** -0.114 -0.147 -2.695*** -2.521*** (0.601) (0.725) (0.379) (0.381) (0.517) (0.624) AGE3 1.136 -0.587 -0.707 -0.959* -1.854*** -0.382 (0.691) (0.897) (0.491) (0.560) (0.537) (0.700) HIGH -1.277** 1.372 0.549 0.939 1.831*** -0.434 (0.590) (0.896) (0.453) (0.606) (0.412) (0.635) COL -4.924*** -0.989 -0.724* -0.142 4.207*** 0.844 (0.604) (1.035) (0.424) (0.642) (0.443) (0.805) UG -7.968*** -3.692*** -1.503*** -0.872 6.466*** 2.811** (1.043) (1.410) (0.451) (0.705) (1.002) (1.233) RL 0.704 1.166* 0.047 0.114 -0.657* -1.052** (0.608) (0.684) (0.511) (0.521) (0.387) (0.468) RA -0.310 -1.409** -0.224 -0.385 0.086 1.025** (0.461) (0.585) (0.381) (0.421) (0.301) (0.422) MAR 0.002 1.003 0.814 0.962* 0.815 -0.040 (0.727) (0.835) (0.534) (0.543) (0.512) (0.614) HEAL 1.145*** 0.691** 0.447* 0.380 -0.695*** -0.308 (0.263) (0.295) (0.241) (0.245) (0.127) (0.190) WP -0.906*** -1.041*** -1.089*** -1.108*** -0.183 -0.068 (0.257) (0.286) (0.220) (0.218) (0.139) (0.177) RUR 3.169*** 0.330 0.141 -0.272 -3.034*** -0.607 (0.659) (0.946) (0.517) (0.687) (0.417) (0.640) 省份哑变量 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 N 2 637 2 637 2 637 2 637 2 637 2 637 R2 0.303 0.089 0.435 DWH 33.10 1.25 55.54 P-value (0.00) (0.26) (0.00) 第一阶段F值 38.90 38.90 38.90 工具变量t值 9.62 9.62 9.62 表 6 金融素养与家庭偿债资金
解释变量 偿债资金占比 偿债资金占比 ln家庭净资产 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) OLS 2SLS Tobit Ivtobit OLS 2SLS FL 0.014*** 0.026*** 0.006*** 0.032*** 0.660*** 2.270*** (0.002) (0.009) (0.001) (0.009) (0.075) (0.338) N 6 627 6 627 6 627 6 627 6 627 6 627 R2 0.130 0.171 DWH/Wald 5.35 5.88 27.29 P-value (0.02) (0.02) (0.00) 第一阶段F值 138.29 84.52 138.29 工具变量t值 19.02 19.82 19.02 注:括号内为小区(村庄)层面的聚类异方差稳健的标准差,控制变量与表 5相同,但不包括“偿债资金占比”。 表 7 金融素养与家庭借贷额:正规和非正规
解释变量 ln正规渠道借贷额 ln非正规渠道借贷额 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) OLS 2SLS Tobit Ivtobit OLS 2SLS Tobit Ivtobit FL 1.326*** 6.992*** 3.181*** 15.664*** -0.420*** -4.183*** -0.625*** -6.200*** (0.120) (0.688) (0.287) (1.553) (0.103) (0.562) (0.144) (0.841) N 6 627 6 627 6 627 6 627 6 627 6 627 6 627 6 627 Pseudo R2 0.313 0.082 0.207 0.050 DWH/Wald 104.81 89.13 63.09 56.48 P-value (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 第一阶段F值 134.83 83.37 134.83 83.37 工具变量t值 18.72 19.63 18.72 19.63 注:括号内为小区(村庄)层面的聚类异方差稳健的标准差,控制变量与表 5相同。下表同。 表 8 不同渠道借贷额与家庭债务负担
解释变量 主观债务负担水平 主观上有无债务负担 客观债务负担水平 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) OLS 2SLS Probit Ivprobit OLS 2SLS FL -0.147*** -0.166 -0.081*** -0.075* -1.138** -11.075*** (0.035) (0.174) (0.009) (0.042) (0.470) (2.649) lnFD 0.043*** 0.044*** 0.001 0.001 -0.119* -0.016 (0.005) (0.006) (0.001) (0.001) (0.063) (0.073) lnIFD 0.101*** 0.101*** 0.020*** 0.020*** 0.599*** 0.586*** (0.005) (0.005) (0.001) (0.001) (0.050) (0.053) N 6 627 6 627 6 627 6 627 2 637 2 637 Pseudo R2/R2 0.228 0.182 0.361 Wald/DWH 0.07 9.74 23.51 P-value (0.79) (0.00) (0.00) 第一阶段F值 135.13 82.67 37.56 工具变量t值 17.15 18.04 9.01 表 9 金融素养与家庭债务负担:样本选择问题
解释变量 主观债务负担水平 主观上有无债务负担 客观债务负担水平 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Heckman Iv-Heckit Heckprobit Iv-Heckit Heckprobit Iv-Heckit FL -0.163*** -0.026 -0.017*** -0.737*** -4.535*** -9.643*** (0.041) (0.189) (0.007) (0.166) (0.767) (2.845) MILLS -0.321 2.381*** 0.628*** 1.536*** -12.109*** 34.802*** (0.210) (0.854) (0.054) (0.806) (2.301) (9.650) N(删/未删) 23 623/6 627 6 627 23 623/6 627 6 627 23 623/2 637 2 637 Wald/DWH 0.03 11.70 20.64 P-value (0.86) (0.00) (0.00) 第一阶段F值 132.04 81.56 38.04 工具变量t值 17.49 17.90 9.20 表 10 金融素养与家庭债务负担:城乡异质性
解释变量 主观债务负担水平 主观上有无债务负担 客观债务负担水平 (1)城镇 (2)农村 (3)城镇 (4)农村 (5)城镇 (6)农村 OLS OLS Probit Probit OLS OLS FL -0.183*** -0.040 -0.077*** -0.088*** -1.023* -1.577* (0.042) (0.061) (0.011) (0.015) (0.547) (0.824) N 3 902 2 725 3 902 2 725 1 882 755 Pseudo R2/R2 0.201 0.116 0.177 0.098 0.264 0.155 注:*、**、***、分别表示在10%、5%、1%水平显著,Probit模型报告的是边际效应,括号内为小区(村庄)层面的聚类异方差稳健的标准差,控制变量与表 5相同,但不包括变量“农村地区”。 表 11 金融素养与家庭债务负担:债务异质性
解释变量 生产经营债务负担 房屋债务负担 教育债务负担 医疗债务负担 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) OLS 2SLS OLS 2SLS OLS 2SLS OLS 2SLS FL -0.162*** -0.350** -0.119*** -0.274** -0.130** -0.221 -0.111*** -0.169 (0.035) (0.173) (0.024) (0.111) (0.055) (0.230) (0.042) (0.243) N 1 825 1 825 3 960 3 960 770 770 1 246 1 246 R2 0.137 0.205 0.135 0.126 DWH 1.29 2.87 0.16 0.13 P-value (0.26) (0.09) (0.69) (0.72) 第一阶段F值 26.45 81.25 59.53 16.24 工具变量t值 9.73 14.40 6.86 6.16 -
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