Executive Equity Incentives and Abnormal Related Party Transactions: Restraint or Intensification
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摘要: 从高管股权激励是否能够抑制有损公司价值的行为视角,分析和检验高管股权激励对异常关联交易的影响及其作用机制。为了克服选择性偏误,采用双重差分倾向得分匹配法(PSM-DID)进行实证检验,研究结果显示高管股权激励与异常关联交易之间呈显著的负向关系,表明中国上市公司的高管股权激励抑制了异常关联交易,从而支持最优契约理论;截面分组发现高管股权激励对异常关联交易的抑制作用仅在公司治理水平较低的组显著;机制检验发现高管股权激励促使高管有强烈的动机提升公司业绩,进而抑制有损公司价值的异常关联交易行为。该结果验证了我国上市公司高管股权激励的实施效果符合最优契约理论而非管理层权力理论的推论,为证监会推行股权激励提供了经验证据。Abstract: From the unique perspective of whether executive equity incentive can inhibit the behavior that damages the value of the company, this paper systematically analyzes and tests the impact and mechanism of executive equity incentive on abnormal related party transactions. In order to overcome the selective bias, this paper uses the PSM-DID method to conduct empirical test. The results show that there is a significant negative relationship between executive equity incentive and abnormal related party transactions, indicating that the executive equity incentive of Chinese listed companies inhibits abnormal related party transactions and supports the optimal contracting theory; cross-sectional tests demonstrate that executive equity incentive has significant negative impact on abnormal related party transactions; the mechanism test shows that the management has a strong incentive to improve the performance of company after the implementation of equity incentive plans, so as to restrain related party transactions that damage the company's value. It is verified that the implementation effect of executive equity incentive in Chinese listed companies conforms to the optimal contracting theory rather than the managerial power theory. It could also provide empirical evidence for the implementation of equity incentive by CSRC.
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表 1 Logit回归协变量定义
变量符号 变量名称 变量说明 Size 公司规模 以公司资产总额的自然对数表示 Lev 财务杠杆 以负债总额除以资产总额表示 Tang 资产结构 以公司固定资产净额占资产总额的比重表示 Tobin 托宾Q值 (计算日股价×股数+负债总额)/资产总额 Prof 净利率 以净利润除以营业总收入表示 Soe 实际控制人属性 按实际控制人的属性划分,国有企业取1,否则取0 Dual 两职合一情况 董事长和总经理为同一人兼任时取1,否则取0 First 第一大股东持股比例 以第一大股东持有股数占公司总股数的比重表示 HHI5 赫希曼指数 公司前五大股东持股比例的平方和 Zindex 第一大股东与第二大股东持股之比 用第一大股东持股比例与第二大股东持股比例的比值表示 Mstck 管理层持股水平 以管理层持股总数占公司总股数的比重表示 Gpay 高管薪酬 以高管货币薪酬前三名总额的自然对数表示 表 2 变量平衡性检验
协变量 匹配前U/匹配后M 股权激励组 非股权激励组 %标准偏差 t值 P值 Size U 27.718 0 22.088 0 -30.2 -8.42 0.000 M 21.710 0 21.713 0 -0.3 -0.06 0.954 Lev U 0.360 5 0.436 6 -37.7 -10.63 0.000 M 0.360 9 0.360 4 0.2 0.04 0.965 Tang U 0.170 2 0.247 1 -49.9 -13.09 0.000 M 0.171 1 0.170 9 0.2 0.05 0.963 Tobin U 3.094 2 2.233 0 36.2 11.38 0.000 M 3.057 4 3.012 3 1.9 0.38 0.700 Prof U 0.121 8 0.080 2 19.8 4.59 0.000 M 0.121 3 0.123 6 -1.1 -0.28 0.783 Soe U 0.117 8 0.520 8 -95.9 -24.21 0.000 M 0.118 9 0.111 4 1.8 0.51 0.610 Dual U 0.376 9 0.237 5 30.6 9.48 0.000 M 0.375 1 0.373 0 0.5 0.10 0.923 First U 34.097 0 36.216 0 -14.3 -4.10 0.000 M 34.110 0 34.611 0 -3.4 -0.74 0.460 HHI5 U 0.160 4 0.173 1 -11.0 -3.07 0.002 M 0.160 4 0.165 2 -4.1 -0.92 0.359 Zindex U 6.406 6 13.520 0 -31.1 -7.19 0.000 M 6.436 7 7.324 4 -3.9 -1.47 0.143 Mstck U 0.250 3 0.107 4 53.1 14.17 0.000 M 0.250 2 0.224 3 9.6 1.65 0.100 Gpay U 14.381 0 14.146 0 34.4 10.08 0.000 M 14.371 0 14.357 0 2.0 0.43 0.671 表 3 DID回归变量定义
变量符号 变量名称 变量说明 abRPT 异常关联交易 用模型(3)估计的残差表示 Incentive 股权激励 实施股权激励的样本组(实验组)取1,未实施股权激励的样本组(控制组)取0 Post 股权激励时间 样本所处的年度为实施股权激励以后年度取1,否则取0。控制组样本该变量的取值与其配对的实验组一致 Size 公司规模 以公司资产总额的自然对数表示 Lev 财务杠杆 以负债总额除以资产总额表示 Roa 总资产净利率 以净利润除以总资产表示 Growth 营业收入增长率 (本期营业收入-上期营业收入)/上期营业收入 Tobin 托宾Q值 (计算日股价×股数+负债总额)/资产总额 First 第一大股东持股比例 以第一大股东持有股数占公司总股数的比重表示 Rec 应收账款占比 用应收账款余额与总资产余额的比值表示 Age 公司年龄 用公司年龄的自然对数表示 Cr5 股权制衡 用第2至5名股东持股比例之和与第一大股东持股比例的比值表示 Bsize 董事会规模 用董事会人数的自然对数表示 表 4 主要变量描述性统计
变量 N Mean Min P25 Median P75 Max SD abRPT 9 001 -0.249 -5.578 -1.222 0.175 1.050 2.938 1.809 Incentive 9 001 0.578 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.494 Post 9 001 0.538 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.499 Size 9 001 21.800 19.590 21.020 21.660 22.370 25.590 1.096 Lev 9 001 0.379 0.042 0.222 0.364 0.523 0.836 0.194 Roa 9 001 0.050 -0.128 0.023 0.047 0.075 0.209 0.048 Growth 9 001 0.209 -0.493 0.021 0.156 0.326 1.652 0.327 Tobin 9 001 2.626 0.253 1.314 2.087 3.353 10.940 1.944 First 9 001 0.337 0.088 0.225 0.321 0.428 0.712 0.139 Rec 9 001 0.141 0.000 0.064 0.124 0.199 0.478 0.102 Age 9 001 2.450 0.693 2.197 2.565 2.773 3.178 0.448 Cr5 9 001 0.785 0.028 0.325 0.631 1.093 2.910 0.608 Bsize 9 001 2.164 1.609 2.079 2.197 2.197 2.708 0.201 表 5 高管股权激励与异常关联交易的回归结果
变量 (1) (2) abRPT abRPT Incentive 0.028(0.486) 0.060(1.143) Post -0.011(-0.174) 0.010(0.167) Incentive×Post -0.141*(-1.786) -0.185**(-2.567) Lev 4.040***(30.315) Roa -2.019***(-4.399) Growth 0.362***(6.390) Tobin -0.022*(-1.700) First -1.129***(-5.946) Rec 0.976***(4.883) Size -0.217***(-8.925) Age 0.070(1.554) Cr5 -0.361***(-8.544) Bsize -0.174*(-1.916) Constant 0.139(0.751) 3.628***(6.499) Industry/Year 控制 控制 N 9 001 9 001 R2_a 0.025 0.193 注:* * *、* *、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的水平上显著,括号内为统计t值。下表同。 表 6 内部治理机制视角的检验结果
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 内部控制 董事会会议次数 独立董事比例 好 差 多 少 高 低 Incentive -0.077 0.166** -0.058 0.100 0.041 0.041 (-0.964) (2.130) (-0.712) (1.339) (0.423) (0.597) Post -0.197** 0.091 -0.200** 0.065 -0.062 -0.057 (-2.271) (1.074) (-2.228) (0.803) (-0.570) (-0.781) Incentive×Post 0.061 -0.345*** -0.043 -0.334*** -0.065 -0.174** (0.601) (-3.388) (-0.409) (-3.387) (-0.512) (-1.981) Lev 3.964*** 4.102*** 3.726*** 4.003*** 4.043*** 3.994*** (20.417) (22.046) (20.514) (20.758) (17.723) (23.929) Roa -3.037*** -1.220* -2.589*** -1.143* -1.777** -2.325*** (-4.162) (-1.914) (-3.891) (-1.813) (-2.187) (-4.169) Growth 0.460*** 0.294*** 0.220*** 0.437*** 0.281*** 0.385*** (5.610) (3.681) (3.132) (4.789) (2.857) (5.556) Tobin -0.040** 0.006 -0.002 -0.046** -0.009 -0.024 (-2.070) (0.340) (-0.098) (-2.486) (-0.426) (-1.468) First -0.886*** -1.385*** -0.816*** -1.174*** -2.103*** -0.794*** (-3.295) (-5.090) (-3.028) (-4.429) (-6.283) (-3.392) Rec 1.052*** 0.934*** 0.774*** 1.233*** 1.129*** 0.886*** (3.778) (3.217) (2.729) (4.419) (3.090) (3.674) Size -0.252*** -0.157*** -0.275*** -0.205*** -0.231*** -0.170*** (-7.680) (-4.012) (-8.187) (-5.844) (-5.934) (-5.329) Age 0.037 0.070 0.101 0.080 0.011 0.094* (0.604) (1.044) (1.616) (1.252) (0.144) (1.685) Cr5 -0.370*** -0.348*** -0.325*** -0.384*** -0.589*** -0.278*** (-6.023) (-5.897) (-5.554) (-6.381) (-7.505) (-5.461) Bsize 0.127 -0.436*** -0.273** 0.071 0.136 -0.874*** (0.987) (-3.372) (-2.170) (0.546) (0.930) (-5.097) Constant 3.796*** 2.900*** 4.642*** 3.173*** 3.785*** 4.124*** (4.974) (3.289) (6.125) (3.902) (4.116) (5.575) Industry/Year 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 N 4 557 4 444 4 053 4 948 3 155 5 846 R2_a 0.196 0.199 0.198 0.191 0.212 0.195 表 7 外部治理机制视角的检验结果
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 市场化程度 行业的市场竞争程度 机构投资者持股比例 高 低 高 低 高 低 Incentive -0.016 0.086 -0.131* 0.156* 0.024 0.003 (-0.197) (1.119) (-1.697) (1.960) (0.307) (0.044) Post -0.154* 0.064 -0.119 -0.008 -0.062 -0.004 (-1.824) (0.749) (-1.410) (-0.095) (-0.718) (-0.042) Incentive×Post -0.126 -0.198** -0.088 -0.188* -0.103 -0.178* (-1.212) (-2.005) (-0.887) (-1.815) (-1.008) (-1.753) Lev 4.124*** 3.991*** 4.175*** 3.940*** 3.535*** 4.359*** (20.803) (21.869) (23.180) (19.802) (17.744) (24.207) Roa -2.390*** -1.662** -2.208*** -2.072*** -2.482*** -1.544** (-3.691) (-2.567) (-3.636) (-2.946) (-3.863) (-2.315) Growth 0.394*** 0.330*** 0.341*** 0.379*** 0.544*** 0.181** (4.646) (4.374) (4.527) (4.434) (6.758) (2.267) Tobin -0.027 -0.003 -0.002 -0.051** -0.062*** 0.025 (-1.519) (-0.174) (-0.117) (-2.396) (-3.396) (1.302) First -1.604*** -1.002*** -1.146*** -0.925*** -1.242*** -1.192*** (-5.409) (-3.970) (-4.424) (-3.315) (-4.322) (-4.514) Rec 0.671** 1.456*** 1.320*** 0.181 0.922*** 1.312*** (2.308) (5.161) (4.567) (0.641) (3.123) (4.720) Size -0.276*** -0.123*** -0.086** -0.322*** -0.251*** -0.136*** (-8.184) (-3.352) (-2.499) (-9.115) (-7.486) (-3.598) Age 0.037 0.078 -0.087 0.214*** 0.041 0.068 (0.547) (1.270) (-1.378) (3.322) (0.646) (1.027) Cr5 -0.499*** -0.250*** -0.384*** -0.309*** -0.412*** -0.319*** (-7.356) (-4.563) (-6.728) (-4.918) (-6.280) (-5.639) Bsize 0.006 -0.359*** -0.172 -0.301** 0.172 -0.442*** (0.040) (-2.901) (-1.442) (-2.151) (1.299) (-3.485) Constant 5.695*** 0.885 0.953 5.802*** 3.938*** 2.326*** (7.111) (1.089) (1.246) (7.208) (5.008) (2.731) Industry/Year 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 N 3 969 5 032 4 817 4 184 4 439 4 562 R2_a 0.235 0.19 0.208 0.199 0.188 0.216 表 8 稳健性检验结果
变量 (1) (2) abRPT abRPT Incentive 0.035 -0.631 Post_a -0.048 (-0.797) Incentive×Post_a -0.139* (-1.937) Mstck -0.826*** (-9.075) Lev 4.036*** 4.029*** -30.292 -29.985 Roa -2.025*** -1.900*** (-4.415) (-4.119) Growth 0.362*** 0.384*** -6.389 -6.775 Tobin -0.022* -0.024* (-1.693) (-1.778) First -1.135*** -0.959*** (-5.988) (-4.994) Rec 0.975*** 1.044*** -4.876 -5.196 Size -0.217*** -0.258*** (-8.901) (-10.332) Age 0.068 0.015 -1.514 -0.32 Cr5 -0.362*** -0.271*** (-8.573) (-6.285) Bsize -0.176* -0.315*** (-1.939) (-3.389) Constant 3.632*** 5.068*** -6.505 -8.76 Industry/Year 控制 控制 N 9 001 8 833 R2_a 0.193 0.202 表 9 高管股权激励与公司业绩回归结果
变量 (1) (2) Roe Roi Incentive -0.004*(-1.660) -0.007**(-2.455) Post -0.003(-1.169) -0.012***(-3.574) Incentive×Post 0.017***(5.568) 0.020***(5.154) Lev -0.078***(-15.167) -0.275***(-40.457) Growth 0.052***(22.209) 0.052***(17.071) Tobin 0.015***(28.467) 0.016***(23.264) First 0.079***(10.055) 0.056***(5.378) Rec 0.108***(13.042) -0.042***(-3.854) Size 0.032***(32.817) 0.034***(26.742) Age 0.014***(7.485) 0.011***(4.573) Cr5 0.009***(4.968) 0.011***(4.780) Bsize 0.002(0.610) -0.022***(-4.370) Constant -0.689***(-30.763) -0.577***(-19.616) Industry/Year 控制 控制 N 9 357 9 357 R2_a 0.285 0.367 表 10 异常关联交易与公司业绩回归结果
变量 (1) (2) Roe Roi abRPT -0.002***(-4.312) -0.003***(-4.512) Lev -0.073***(-12.813) -0.261***(-35.387) Growth 0.054***(22.917) 0.055***(17.868) Tobin 0.015***(27.446) 0.016***(22.748) First 0.077***(9.402) 0.052***(4.951) Rec 0.116***(13.488) -0.034***(-3.091) Size 0.032***(32.149) 0.034***(26.037) Age 0.013***(6.871) 0.012***(4.674) Cr5 0.008***(4.363) 0.010***(4.194) Bsize 0.002(0.619) -0.021***(-4.140) Constant -0.696***(-30.217) -0.580***(-19.396) Industry/Year 控制 控制 N 9 001 9 001 R2_a 0.282 0.366 -
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