Customer Relations, Market Power and Corporate Innovation Output
-
摘要: 以中国2007—2016年沪深两市A股制造业上市公司为研究样本, 实证检验企业客户关系集中程度对企业创新产出的影响及其作用机理, 并从市场势力的视角对两者之间的因果关系作进一步的探讨。研究发现, 客户关系过度集中会抑制企业的创新产出, 并且这种抑制作用具有一定的持续性。其作用机理在于, 客户关系过度集中增加了企业的经营风险, 管理层出于平衡企业整体风险承受水平的考虑, 会降低研发创新这类大风险项目的投入力度, 进而对企业的创新产出产生挤出效应。进一步研究发现, 随着企业市场势力的提升, 客户关系过度集中对企业创新产出的抑制作用得以减弱。该研究不仅丰富和扩展了客户关系经济后果方面的相关研究, 而且从客户关系的视角为企业提高创新水平提供了参考。Abstract: The paper employs the data from manufacturing listed companies in Chinese A-share stock markets from 2007 to 2016 to examine the impact of customer relationship concentration on innovation output and its mechanism, and the causal relationship between the two from the perspective of market power. The study shows that excessive concentration of customer relationships inhibits the company's innovative output. The mechanism is that the excessive concentration of customer relationships increases the business risk of the company. In order to balance the overall risk tolerance level of the company, the management will reduce the investment in R & D, which has a crowding effect on the innovation output. Further research shows that with the market power of the enterprise increasing, the negative correlation between the excessive concentration of customer relationships and the innovation output has been weakened. The findings not only expand the relevant research on the economic consequences of customer relationships, but also provide experience for enterprises to improve the level of innovation through the maintenance and management of customer relationships.
-
表 1 主要变量定义表
变量符号 变量名称 定义 Innova 企业创新效率 本期申请专利总数的自然对数 CCa 客户集中程度a 本期前五大客户中每个客户采购金额占上市公司销售收入比重的平方和 CCb 客户集中程度b 本期前五大客户营业收入与本期总营业收入的比重 Size 企业规模 期末总资产的自然对数 Lev 资产负债率 期末总负债与期末总资产之比 Fixpro 固定资产密集度 期末固定资产与期末总资产之比 Cf 经营现金流量比 本期经营活动产生的现金流与期末总资产之比 Roa 总资产收益率 本期净利润与期末总资产之比 Etr 企业税收负担 本期所得税费用和本期递延所得税之差与本期息税前利润之比 Bsize 董事会规模 期末董事会人数的自然对数 Indpratio 独立董事比例 期末独立董事人数与董事会人数之比 Oholdpro 第一大股东持股比例 期末第一大股东持股比例 Bholdpro 董事会持股比例 期末董事会持股比例 Indusum 行业效应 按照2012年证券监管委员会行业分类标准对制造业进行细化。属于该行业,取值为1,否则为0 YearDum 年度效应 属于该年度,取值为1,否则为0 表 2 主要变量描述性统计
变量 数量 均值 标准差 最小值 25分位 中位数 75分位 最大值 Innova 2 099 1.934 1.435 0.000 0.693 1.946 2.944 7.114 CCa 2 099 0.047 0.083 0.000 0.006 0.016 0.048 0.576 CCb 2 099 0.309 0.200 0.013 0.157 0.256 0.413 0.963 Size 2 099 21.65 1.074 18.770 20.870 21.520 22.23 25.950 Lev 2 099 0.415 0.226 0.047 0.234 0.398 0.574 1.399 Fixpro 2 099 0.256 0.150 0.002 0.141 0.229 0.340 0.747 Cf 2 099 0.037 0.071 -0.220 -0.001 0.035 0.078 0.270 Roa 2 099 0.036 0.059 -0.249 0.012 0.035 0.065 0.220 Etr 2 099 0.046 0.560 -3.016 0.000 0.098 0.165 2.533 Bsize 2 099 2.156 0.189 1.609 2.079 2.197 2.197 2.708 Indpratio 2 099 0.367 0.050 0.286 0.333 0.333 0.400 0.571 Oholdpro 2 099 0.348 0.140 0.089 0.240 0.330 0.445 0.750 Bholdpro 2 099 0.141 0.204 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.288 0.670 注:创新产出变量(Innova)为取对数后的数值。 表 3 客户关系集中程度与企业创新产出的回归
变量 Innova Innova _ fr1 Innova _ fr2 Innova Innova _ fr1 Innova _ fr2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) CCa -1.429*** -1.563*** -2.101*** (-3.916) (-3.941) (-5.006) CCb -0.408** -0.619*** -0.867*** (-2.509) (-3.553) (-4.709) Size 0.330*** 0.368*** 0.390*** 0.325*** 0.355*** 0.370*** (8.677) (9.148) (9.182) (8.414) (8.690) (8.607) Lev -0.413** -0.272 -0.326* -0.419** -0.271 -0.322* (-2.516) (-1.588) (-1.794) (-2.553) (-1.580) (-1.778) Fixpro -0.296 -0.216 -0.282 -0.292 -0.230 -0.309 (-1.235) (-0.843) (-1.026) (-1.214) (-0.892) (-1.119) Cf 1.498*** 1.233** 1.486*** 1.498*** 1.232** 1.504*** (3.353) (2.534) (2.892) (3.355) (2.541) (2.958) Roa 1.080* 2.053*** 1.805*** 1.060* 2.014*** 1.726*** (1.865) (3.436) (2.790) (1.840) (3.391) (2.713) Etr 0.017 0.025 -0.050 0.022 0.027 -0.046 (0.298) (0.416) (-0.747) (0.382) (0.466) (-0.706) Bsize 0.716*** 0.668*** 0.799*** 0.710*** 0.666*** 0.804*** (3.838) (3.356) (3.771) (3.793) (3.344) (3.792) Indpratio 0.197 0.035 0.577 0.115 -0.006 0.537 (0.286) (0.047) (0.751) (0.165) (-0.008) (0.691) Oholdpro 0.593*** 0.753*** 0.626** 0.584*** 0.741*** 0.616** (2.641) (3.187) (2.505) (2.601) (3.138) (2.463) Bholdpro 1.121*** 1.212*** 1.280*** 1.132*** 1.208*** 1.269*** (7.276) (7.619) (7.606) (7.328) (7.584) (7.533) YearDum 是 是 是 是 是 是 IndustryDum 是 是 是 是 是 是 _cons -8.793*** -10.284*** -10.305*** -8.642*** -9.963*** -9.859*** (-9.961) (-10.779) (-8.900) (-9.666) (-10.346) (-8.356) N 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 r2_a 0.174 0.201 0.215 0.170 0.200 0.214 注:括号中为t值,且经White异方差修正。***,**,*分别表示1%、5%、10%的显著性水平。下表同。 表 4 企业经营风险的路径检验
变量 Innova ΔEU Innova Innova ΔEU Innova (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) CCa -1.429*** 0.597** -1.262*** (-3.916) (2.434) (-3.361) CCb -0.408** 0.268*** -0.331** (-2.509) (3.361) (-2.027) ΔEU -0.280*** -0.286*** (-4.931) (-5.092) Size 0.330*** -0.051** 0.316*** 0.325*** -0.045** 0.312*** (8.677) (-2.519) (8.219) (8.414) (-2.178) (8.027) Lev -0.413** 0.376*** -0.308* -0.419** 0.375*** -0.311* (-2.516) (3.184) (-1.849) (-2.553) (3.113) (-1.877) Fixpro -0.296 0.137 -0.259 -0.292 0.143 -0.252 (-1.235) (1.284) (-1.090) (-1.214) (1.346) (-1.059) Cf 1.498*** 0.033 1.509*** 1.498*** 0.036 1.510*** (3.353) (0.108) (3.393) (3.355) (0.116) (3.409) Roa 1.080* -2.147*** 0.478 1.060* -2.135*** 0.449 (1.865) (-3.967) (0.792) (1.840) (-3.898) (0.758) Etr 0.017 -0.030* 0.009 0.022 -0.032* 0.013 (0.298) (-1.656) (0.154) (0.382) (-1.774) (0.223) Bsize 0.716*** -0.174** 0.668*** 0.710*** -0.171** 0.661*** (3.838) (-2.220) (3.578) (3.793) (-2.183) (3.534) Indpratio 0.197 0.283 0.274 0.115 0.296 0.197 (0.286) (0.987) (0.398) (0.165) (1.025) (0.283) Oholdpro 0.593*** -0.446*** 0.471** 0.584*** -0.441*** 0.461** (2.641) (-5.251) (2.079) (2.601) (-5.197) (2.034) Bholdpro 1.121*** -0.899*** 0.869*** 1.132*** -0.896*** 0.875*** (7.276) (-14.146) (5.419) (7.328) (-14.091) (5.457) YearDum yes yes yes yes yes yes IndustryDum yes yes yes yes yes yes _cons -8.793*** 2.559*** -8.078*** -8.642*** 2.411*** -7.954*** (-9.961) (5.739) (-8.904) (-9.666) (5.394) (-8.692) N 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 r2_a 0.174 0.271 0.184 0.170 0.272 0.181 Sobel Z 14.04*** 12.07*** Sobel Z对应的P值 (0.000) (0.000) 表 5 企业融资约束的路径检验
变量 Innova KZ SA Innova KZ SA (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) CCa -1.429*** 0.375 0.008 (-3.916) (1.474) (0.159) CCb -0.408** 0.194 0.043 (-2.509) (1.356) (1.110) Size 0.330*** -0.179*** 1.143*** 0.325*** -0.175*** 1.145*** (8.677) (-7.501) (208.403) (8.414) (-5.278) (107.309) Lev -0.413** 4.060*** -0.129*** -0.419** 4.059*** -0.131*** (-2.516) (30.061) (-5.477) (-2.553) (24.600) (-3.347) Fixpro -0.296 0.298** 0.042 -0.292 0.303* 0.045 (-1.235) (2.059) (1.359) (-1.214) (1.676) (0.881) Cf 1.498*** 0.581 -0.190*** 1.498*** 0.586 -0.189** (3.353) (1.530) (-3.133) (3.355) (1.551) (-2.477) Roa 1.080* 5.297*** -0.053 1.060* 5.302*** -0.051 (1.865) (7.975) (-0.637) (1.840) (6.790) (-0.525) Etr 0.017 0.037* -0.006 0.022 0.036 -0.006 (0.298) (1.695) (-0.940) (0.382) (1.392) (-0.789) Bsize 0.716*** 0.319*** 0.072*** 0.710*** 0.321* 0.072* (3.838) (2.624) (2.997) (3.793) (1.843) (1.667) Indpratio 0.197 0.662 0.098 0.115 0.664 0.090 (0.286) (1.479) (1.072) (0.165) (1.227) (0.582) Oholdpro 0.593*** 0.084 0.183*** 0.584*** 0.089 0.184*** (2.641) (0.588) (6.195) (2.601) (0.431) (3.436) Bholdpro 1.121*** 0.081 0.281*** 1.132*** 0.085 0.285*** (7.276) (0.815) (12.099) (7.328) (0.614) (6.947) YearDum 是 是 是 是 是 是 IndustryDum 是 是 是 是 是 是 _cons -8.793*** 4.018*** -21.345*** -8.642*** 3.904*** -21.381*** (-9.961) (5.680) (-163.065) (-9.666) (4.173) (-84.062) N 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 r2_a 0.174 0.484 0.171 0.485 0.272 0.168 表 6 客户需求的信息获取路径检验
变量 Innova Stable Innova Innova Stable Innova (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) CCa -1.429*** -0.412*** -1.579*** (-3.916) (-5.952) (-4.318) CCb -0.408** -0.328*** -0.541*** (-2.509) (-10.982) (-3.263) Stable -0.374*** -0.404*** (-3.349) (-3.570) Size 0.330*** -0.007 0.329*** 0.325*** -0.017** 0.320*** (8.677) (-0.969) (8.695) (8.414) (-2.508) (8.316) Lev -0.413** 0.115*** -0.376** -0.419** 0.120*** -0.376** (-2.516) (3.091) (-2.289) (-2.553) (3.305) (-2.295) Fixpro -0.296 -0.089* -0.338 -0.292 -0.104** -0.343 (-1.235) (-1.926) (-1.414) (-1.214) (-2.256) (-1.430) Cf 1.498*** -0.478*** 1.323*** 1.498*** -0.484*** 1.306*** (3.353) (-5.388) (2.947) (3.355) (-5.459) (2.912) Roa 1.080* -0.099 1.028* 1.060* -0.112 0.999* (1.865) (-0.747) (1.794) (1.840) (-0.854) (1.753) Etr 0.017 -0.004 0.015 0.022 -0.003 0.020 (0.298) (-0.418) (0.258) (0.382) (-0.286) (0.348) Bsize 0.716*** 0.053 0.684*** 0.710*** -0.055 0.675*** (3.838) (-1.495) (3.652) (3.793) (-1.594) (3.599) Indpratio 0.197 0.139 0.158 0.115 0.162 0.089 (0.286) (1.061) (0.229) (0.165) (1.265) (0.128) Oholdpro 0.593*** -0.053 0.557** 0.584*** -0.059 0.544** (2.641) (-1.265) (2.477) (2.601) (-1.430) (2.420) Bholdpro 1.121*** 0.043 1.124*** 1.132*** 0.028 1.130*** (7.276) (1.334) (7.333) (7.328) (0.906) (7.361) YearDum 是 是 是 是 是 是 IndustryDum 是 是 是 是 是 是 _cons -8.793*** 0.641*** -8.521*** -8.642*** 0.867*** -8.258*** (-9.961) (2.965) (-9.673) (-9.666) (3.924) (-9.240) N 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 r2_a 0.174 0.063 0.177 0.485 0.101 0.175 表 7 客户关系集中程度、市场势力与创新产出
企业市场势力弱 企业市场势力强 Panel A:按照企业议价能力(Bargain)分组 变量 净商业信用额≥行业、年度中位数 净商业信用额 < 行业、年度中位数 (1) (2) (3) (4) CCa -1.900***(-3.969) -1.114(-1.260) CCb -0.667***(-3.014) -0.178(-0.476) N 1 050 1 050 1 049 1 049 r2_a 0.138 0.132 0.211 0.209 Panel B:按照产权性质(State)分组 变量 民营企业 国有企业 (1) (2) (3) (4) CCa -1.867***(-4.87) -0.022(-0.03) CCb -0.549***(-2.88) -0.002(-0.01) N 1 353 1 353 746 746 r2_a 0.169 0.162 0.252 0.252 Panel C:按照市场竞争程度(Compet)分组 变量 赫芬达尔指数 < 年度中位数 赫芬达尔指数≥年度中位数 (1) (2) (3) (4) CCa -2.177***(-4.295) -0.166(-0.247) CCb -1.106***(-4.990) 0.367(0.888) N 1 094 1 094 1 005 1 005 r2_a 0.177 0.181 0.136 0.138 注:鉴于篇幅限制,该表中省略了控制变量的回归结果。表 8、表 10同。 表 8 替换被解释变量
Panel A:被解释变量为发明专利 变量 Innova Innova _ fr1 Innova _ fr2 Innova Innova _ fr1 Innova _ fr2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) CCa -0.992***(-3.364) -1.086***(-3.261) -1.642***(-4.643) CCb -0.309**(-2.261) -0.436***(-2.958) -0.702***(-4.432) N 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 r2_a 0.141 0.169 0.184 0.139 0.168 0.184 Panel B:被解释变量为外观设计 变量 Innova Innova _ fr1 Innova _ fr2 Innova Innova _ fr1 Innova _ fr2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) CCa -0.757*** -1.086*** -1.642*** (-4.492) (-3.261) (-4.638) CCb -0.293*** -0.436*** -0.702*** (-2.891) (-2.961) (-4.428) N 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 r2_a 0.089 0.169 0.184 0.088 0.168 0.184 Panel C:被解释变量为实用新型 变量 Innova Innova _ fr1 Innova _ fr2 Innova Innova _ fr1 Innova _ fr2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) CCa -1.279*** -1.409*** -1.689*** (-3.937) (-4.019) (-4.703) CCb -0.403*** -0.559*** -0.693*** (-2.931) (-3.797) (-4.443) N 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 2 099 r2_a 0.285 0.313 (0.321) 0.282 0.312 0.320 表 9 考虑样本自选择后的结果
变量 第一阶段 第二阶段 PL Innova Innova (1) (2) (3) CCa -1.373***(-3.36) CCb -0.377**(-2.23) Size 0.157(0.45) 0.301***(6.50) 0.293***(6.26) Lev -0.053***(-2.79) -0.409*(-1.96) -0.399*(-1.91) Fixpro -0.408(-1.59) -0.418(-1.63) Cf 1.308***(2.58) 1.297**(2.55) Roa 1.108(1.47) 1.136(1.50) Etr 0.036(0.61) 0.039(0.67) Bsize 0.703***(3.52) 0.705***(3.52) Indpratio 0.343(0.47) 0.320(0.44) Oholdpro -0.453***(-4.46) 0.544**(2.26) 0.538**(2.23) Bholdpro 0.911***(5.40) 0.913***(5.40) PL_ind 3.581***(7.71) R & dpro 4.424***(3.51) Intanpro 0.757*(1.81) Big4 0.102(1.17) Roa_indy 0.000(0.05) HHI -0.686(-0.75) IMR 0.600*(1.66) 0.599*(1.65) YearDum 是 是 是 IndustryDum 是 是 是 _cons -0.409(-0.99) -9.965***(-5.93) -9.782***(-5.80) N 2 099 2 099 2 099 Pseudo R2/r2_a 0.202 0.158 0.155 表 10 企业融资约束的路径的再检验
变量 Capex Capex (1) (2) NCF -0.001(-0.941) -0.001(-0.651) NCF×CCa -0.016*(-1.632) CCa -0.008(-0.419) NCF×CCb -0.008* (-1.825) CCb 0.008(1.012) N 2 099 2 099 r2_a 0.127 0.127 -
[1] YASUDA T. Firm growth, size, age and behavior in Japanese manufacturing[J]. Small business economics, 2005, 24(1): 1-15. doi: 10.1007/s11187-005-7568-y [2] KALE J R, SHAHRUR H. Corporate capital structure and the characteristics of suppliers and customers[J]. Journal of financial economics, 2007, 83(2): 321-365. doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.12.007 [3] 冯根福, 温军.中国上市公司治理与企业技术创新关系的实证分析[J].中国工业经济, 2008(7): 91-101. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GGYY200807011.htm [4] 董晓庆, 赵坚, 袁朋伟.国有企业创新效率损失研究[J].中国工业经济, 2014(2): 97-108. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GGYY201402009.htm [5] 许多奇.新税制改革与创新驱动发展战略[J].中国社会科学, 2018(3): 123-145. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZSHK201803011.htm [6] 潘越, 潘健平, 戴亦一.公司诉讼风险、司法地方保护主义与企业创新[J].经济研究, 2015(3): 131-145. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JJYJ201503011.htm [7] 解维敏, 方红星.金融发展、融资约束与企业研发投入[J].金融研究, 2011(5): 171-183. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JRYJ201105015.htm [8] CHU Y. Optimal capital structure, bargaining, and the supplier market structure[J]. Journal of financial economics, 2012, 106(2): 411-426. doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.05.010 [9] 李欢, 李丹, 王丹.客户效应与上市公司债务融资能力---来自我国供应链客户关系的证据[J].金融研究, 2018(6): 138-154. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JRYJ201806010.htm [10] ITZKOWITZ J. Customers and cash: how relationships affect suppliers'cash holdings[J]. Journal of corporate finance, 2013, 19(1): 159-180. [11] RAMAN K, SHAHRUR H. Relationship-specific investments and earnings management: evidence on corporate suppliers and customers[J]. The accounting review, 2008, 83(4): 1041-1081. doi: 10.2308/accr.2008.83.4.1041 [12] HUI K W, KLASA S, YEUNG P E. Corporate suppliers and customers and accounting conservatism[J]. Journal of accounting and economics, 2012, 53(1-2): 115-135. doi: 10.1016/j.jacceco.2011.11.007 [13] 陈峻, 王雄元, 彭旋.环境不确定性、客户集中度与权益资本成本[J].会计研究, 2015(11): 76-82. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2886.2015.11.011 [14] 王雄元, 王鹏, 张金萍.客户集中度与审计费用:客户风险抑或供应链整合[J].审计研究, 2014(11): 72-82. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SJYZ201406012.htm [15] 王雄元, 高开娟.客户关系与企业成本粘性:敲竹杠还是合作[J].南开管理评论, 2017(1): 132-142. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-3448.2017.01.012 [16] 孟庆玺, 白俊, 施文.客户集中度与企业技术创新:助力抑或阻碍---基于客户个体特征的研究[J].南开管理评论, 2018(8): 62-73. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LKGP201804008.htm [17] 陈冬华, 章铁生, 李翔.法律环境、政府管制与隐性契约[J].经济研究, 2008(3): 60-72. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JJYJ200803009.htm [18] 王永钦, 张晏, 章元, 等.中国的大国发展道路---论分权式改革的得失[J].经济研究, 2007(1): 4-16. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JJYJ200701000.htm [19] WILLIAMSON O E. Transaction-cost economics: the governance of contractual relations[J]. Journal of law & economics, 1979, 22(2): 233-261. http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=CIT0011&dbid=16&doi=10.1080%2F1540496X.2016.1278528&key=10.1086%2F466942 [20] GOSMAN M L, KOHLBECK M J. Effects of the existence and identity of major customers on supplier profitability: is walmart different? [J]. Journal of management accounting research, 2009, 21(1): 179-201. doi: 10.2308/jmar.2009.21.1.179 [21] 王雄元, 高开娟.客户集中度与公司债二级市场信用利差[J].金融研究, 2017(1): 130-144. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JRYJ201701010.htm [22] 鞠晓生, 卢荻, 虞义华.融资约束、营运资本管理与企业创新可持续性[J].经济研究, 2013(1): 4-16. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JJYJ201301003.htm [23] ROTHWELL R. Towards the fifth-generation innovation process[J]. International marketing review, 1994, 11(1): 7-31. doi: 10.1108/02651339410057491 [24] WANG Y, TSENG M M. Customized products recommendation based on probabilistic relevance model[J]. Journal of intelligent manufacturing, 2013, 24(5): 951-960. doi: 10.1007/s10845-012-0644-7 [25] LERNER A P. The concept of monopoly and the measurement of monopoly power[J]. The review of economic studies, 1934, 1(3): 157-175. doi: 10.2307/2967480 [26] BRANDOW G E. Market power and its sources in the food industry[J]. American journal of agricultural economics, 1969, 51(1): 1-12. doi: 10.2307/1238302 [27] FISMAN R, MAYANK R. Does competition encourage credit provision?evidence from African trade credit relationships[J]. Review of economics and statistics, 2004, 86(1): 345-352. doi: 10.1162/003465304323023859 [28] 陈德球, 金雅玲, 董志勇.政策不确定性、政治关联与企业创新效率[J].南开管理评论, 2016(4): 27-35. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-3448.2016.04.004 [29] PATATOUKAS P N. Customer-base concentration: implications for firm performance and capital markets[J]. Accounting review, 2012, 87(2): 363-392. doi: 10.2308/accr-10198 [30] 王迪, 刘祖基, 赵泽朋.供应链关系与银行借款---基于供应商/客户集中度的分析[J].会计研究, 2016(10): 42-49. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2886.2016.10.006 [31] 焦小静, 张鹏伟.客户集中度影响公司股利政策吗:治理效应抑或风险效应[J].广东财经大学学报, 2017(4): 70-81. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SONG201704007.htm [32] 徐虹, 林钟高, 李倩.管理层权力、客户集中度与股权激励[J].广东财经大学学报, 2015(3): 86-96. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SONG201503009.htm [33] 申慧慧, 于鹏, 吴联生.国有股权、环境不确定性与投资效率[J].经济研究, 2012(7): 113-126. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JJYJ201207010.htm [34] HADLOCK C, J PIERCE. New evidence on measuring financial constraints: moving beyond the KZ index[J]. Review of financial studies, 2010, 5(23): 1909-1940. http://rfs.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/5/1909 [35] 綦好东, 曹伟, 赵璨.货币政策、地方政府质量与企业融资约束---基于货币政策传导机制影响的研究[J].财贸经济, 2015(4): 32-45. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CMJJ201504004.htm [36] SCHMOOKLER J. Invention and economic growth[M]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996. [37] OLSON E L, BAKKE G. Implementing the lead user method in a high technology firm: a longitudinal study of intentions versus action[J]. Journal of product innovation management, 2001, 18(6): 388-395. doi: 10.1111/1540-5885.1860388 [38] 王雄元, 彭旋.稳定客户提高了分析师对企业盈余预测的准确性吗?[J].金融研究, 2016(5): 156-172. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JRYJ201605011.htm [39] ELLIS J A, FEE C E, THOMAS S E. Proprietary costs and the disclosure of information about customers[J]. Journal of accounting research, 2012, 50(3): 685-727. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-679X.2012.00441.x [40] FAZZARI S M, HUBBARD R G, PETERSEN B C. Financing constraints and corporate investment[J]. Brookings papers on economic activity, 1988, 19(1): 141-195. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JZGC200506039.htm